Leadership Discourses in Skyline Company Free Essay Example, 1500 words

There are various leadership discourses presented by Simon Western. Discourse number one is a leader as a controller: the leader is responsible for controlling most of the things in the organization and this includes financial controls, and so on. This discourse puts the leader at the top of any organization since the employee is able to control everything that is below them. An example is the roles that the manager has at Skyline Company. The leaders are responsible for controlling all the finances of the company, as well as the programs of the business. This proves that the leaders are absolute directors of an organisation. It is, however, important to note that these responsibilities do not make the leaders have overall authority, rather, responsibilities are divided all the way from the top the only difference being on the level of responsibility. The second discourse is leaders as a therapist: this discourse gives the leader the responsibility of ensuring that all the needs of the other members of the organisation are met. The leader, therefore, acts as the human resource of the organisation. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Discourses in Skyline Company or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now In so doing, they also have to ensure that their own needs are also met and this includes respect from the lower members of the organisation. For example, it is the responsibility of the manager at Skyline Company to ensure that the company assets are in perfect condition. If any complaint from a staff member or subordinate arises, then it is directed to the deputy manager to ensure that all complaints are dealt with. This also shows that they are the major people involved in the needs of the employees in the organisation. This discourse also puts the leader at the top of the organisation. The third discourse leader as a messiah: this discourse puts the leader as a person that the other members of the organisation look up to. In this case, the leader acts as the role model in an organisation. The leader is, therefore, expected to act in a professional manner that reflects the image of the position they have in the corporation. It also shows that the leaders have to portray how to lead and act as a leader (Preedy et al, 2011).

Theme Of The Poem Invictus - 765 Words

In the nineteenth century Britain, tuberculosis was merely a death sentence since it was the deadliest disease in the world at the time. Most people feared to contract the disease because there were not enough resources available for a cure yet. In the 1800 poet, William Ernest was diagnostic with tuberculosis when he was a child however he lived with the disease until he was 53. During surgery, he wrote his most recognized poem â€Å"Invictus† which means unconquerable. In Henley’s poem â€Å"Invictus†, Henley faced death and wrote his poem to convey perseverance and inner strength of the human being, to not lose hope and to develop courage in hard moments of life. In the poem ‘’Invictus’’ the use of metaphors, strong and descriptive†¦show more content†¦Henley uses personification giving â€Å"Night† a human quality in the first line of the poem. ‘’Night† represents the feeling of suffering and pai n that the author describes throughout his writing. â€Å"Night† is the darkest part of the day and therefore Henley compares night to suffering. Henley use comparisons of one thing with another of a different kind in order to make a description more emphatic in line two stanza one, â€Å"Black as the Pit from pole to pole† opening his poem with simile, but this simile here is used to display a visual imagery picturing of dark and gloomy this time was for him and how the severe pain he was feeling could stretch from the North Pole to the South Pole. â€Å"Invictus† represents the will to survive in the face of a severe situation through a gloomy and dark tone where Henley remains optimistic and with the help of figurative language the dark tone is constantly seen throughout the poem helping one truly feel the misery that Henley is experiencing. The title of â€Å"Invictus† means unconquerable or undefeated representing the life of William Henley while he was in the hospital suffering from Tuberculosis trying not to give up his fate despite the circumstances that he was facing. â€Å"Invictus† talks about the deep realities of the life, which is not smooth and flawless. Henley knows the hard truth of life because everyone’s life is fullShow MoreRelatedDo Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night890 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The fight that is life† is the common theme represented in all three of the following poems, â€Å"Do not go gentle into that good night† by Dylan Thomas, â€Å"I know why the caged bird sings† by Maya Angelou and â€Å"Invictus† by William Ernest Henley. This essay will analyze these three poems in detail to find similarities and differences between them. The three aforementioned poems seem to have more differences than similarities between them. Such as in â€Å"I know why the caged bird sings,† which is aboutRead MoreComparing Anthem by Ayn Rand to Invictus. Essays764 Words   |  4 PagesComparison Essay: Anthem, and â€Å"Invictus† The poem â€Å"Invictus† by William E. Henley, and the novel Anthem by Ayn Rand, both have common themes that discuss the importance of individuality. Each of the themes that these works have to offer will be discussed throughout the paragraphs of this essay. One of the common themes between Rand’s novel, and Henley’s poem is that, both of the main characters of these pieces are determined to be nothing less than what they were made to be, which is unconquerableRead MoreAn Analysis Of Invictus, By William Earnest Henley1525 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Invictus† by William Earnest Henley is a short poem about being courageous through hardships, and holding on to your pride despite life trying to take it away. William Earnest Henley wrote this poem at a young age while struggling with a severe deadly disease. The theme, speaker, and symbolism all create a powerful message that is summed up in one word: Invictus, the Latin word for â€Å"unconquerable.† The main theme of this poem is staying strong through hardships, and to hold on to your pride despiteRead MoreInvictus And Antigone844 Words   |  4 Pages The poem,12b â€Å"Invictus†,12d tells the story of a man faced with many difficult challenges but always showed perseverance. *While the other poem, â€Å"If We Must Die†,12d by Claude McKay, 12d references the civil rights movement and repeats throughout that if one dies they should die honorably for a cause they support. Both poems are similar to the play Antigone, which retells the myth of a young woman in Ancient Greece, faced with challenging man’s law to uphold God’s law. The poem, â€Å"Invictus†,12dRead MoreI Am The Master Of My Fate762 Words   |  4 Pagesmodern life. The poem I just recited was called Invictus by William Henley. Nowadays many people ignore poetry because it just seems to be out of place in our world today. But even though the type of language may be different the meaning will always apply to our life in some way. Invictus has many hidden messages but the theme that is being conveyed is courage. Being brave in hard times and when all other odds are against us, standing true to our beliefs, this is what this poem is saying. But toRead MoreThe Rose That Grew From Concrete Analysis846 Words   |  4 Pagesseen in many pieces of text including the following poems. â€Å"Invictus† by William Ernest Henley and â€Å"The Rose That Grew From Concrete† by Tupac both convey the idea that obstacles are important in everyone’s life and help shape everyone as a person on the way to their dream. Through â€Å"Invictus† William Ernest Henley shows that if people did not run into obstacles in their life no one would know who they truly are. The use of imagery shows this theme because it allows the readers to feel and see theRead MoreInvictus And Mother To Son Analysis752 Words   |  4 Pagesthey can not give into those struggles, instead of giving in they need to get stronger. This idea can be seen in many pieces of the following poems.â€Å"Invictus† by William Ernest Henley and â€Å"Mother to Son† by Langston Hughes both convey the message that people who are struggling throughout a hardship can not give up and need to get stronger. Throughout â€Å"Invictus† William Ernest Henley conveys that people can not give up when theyre struggling. He shows this by using figurative language in multiple waysRead MoreLeadership in Invictus1722 Words   |  7 PagesThe story of Invictus is based upon the life of Nelson Mandela during the time he held his Presidency of South Africa. Specifically, the movie focuses on his ideas of managing the Springboks and how the opportunity of using the country’s Rugby team unfolds as a way to bring the country together. Since The World Cup is being held in South Africa during the first year of his term, he sees The World Cup as an attempt to bring the whites and blacks together by finding pride in their home team’s victoryRead More`` Invictus `` By William Earnest Henley1361 Words   |  6 PagesThese wise words come from the poem â€Å"Invictus† by William Earnest Henley. Basically, this means that you control your fate, and that things don’t happen by chance, they happen because of the choices you make. You control where you go in life and how you treat others. In the film Invictus, Nelson Mandela joins forces with the South Africa rugby team in order to unite their nation, which was still racially divided due to apartheid. This inspiring film develops the theme that change is inspired by leadersRead MoreNelson Mandela And The Game That Made A Nation2093 Words   |  9 PagesZain Ahmed Mahoney English 9-9 7 January 2015 Introductory Information Title- Invictus: Nelson Mandela and the Game That Made a Nation Author- John Carlin Genre- Non-Fiction, History Historical Context- Published on November 18, 2009. More of a modern book taking place in the late 1900’s. The book is also made into a movie starring Matt Damon and Morgan Freeman. Invictus is a poem that Nelson Mandela recites and is written by William Ernest Benley. Protagonist- Nelson Mandela is the protagonist

Teamwork and Organizational Behavior for McDonalds- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theTeamwork and Organizational Behavior for McDonalds. Answer: McDonalds is one of the major companies in all over the world in the food and beverage industry. The company is also known for its teamwork and leadership strategies for daily business operations. The example of teamwork of McDonalds in United Kingdom (UK) can be mentioned in this situation. In UK, McDonalds promotes effective teamwork with the help of providing training and monitoring to their employees. McDonalds assigns their employees with difficult jobs so that they become skillful and this process provides great assistance to the success of the daily business operations of McDonalds[1]. In case of operational leadership, the example of Jim Skinner, the current CEO of McDonalds can be mentioned as his creative and innovative leadership process is the major reason behind the success of McDonalds in UK. His introduced Plan to Win initiative has put emphasis on the importance of store operations. His diverse background and expertise has been helpful motivate the employees and make them committed towards the organizational objectives. As a part of Mr. Jims leadership strategy, he put large emphasis on the aspect of customer satisfaction as customers are the main source of revenue for the company[2]. It needs to be mentioned that McDonalds has been involved in various community development programs in UK. McDonalds has its independent Franchisees for the promotion of education in communities. In addition, McDonalds has been involved in different football clubs, school teams, youth teams and junior leagues all over the UK to promote football in the communities. Apart from this, McDonalds has their litter patrol teams that collect litters from the local communities of UK. All these aspects help to increase the goodwill of McDonalds in the country[3]. In case of charitable activities in UK, McDonalds charitable work to support Ronald McDonalds Charitable House can be mentioned. In this charitable program, McDonalds has been providing home away from home to the families whose children are under treatment in hospitals. The major fund of this charity comes from voluntary donations. The UK customers of McDonalds donate millions of money to support this charitable initiative of McDonalds[4]. Thus, from the discussion, it can be seen that the organizational behavior of McDonalds is a major force to increase the goodwill of the company. All these aspects make McDonalds one of the major companies in all over the world. References "How does McDonald's promote effective team work?".What makes McDonald's, 2017. Online. Internet. 27 Sep. 2017. . Available: https://www.mcdonalds.co.uk/ukhome/whatmakesmcdonalds/questions/running-the-business/employees/how-does-mcdonalds-promote-effective-team-work.html. "Leveraging McD's Reach Giving Back to Communities :: McDonalds".Corporate.mcdonalds.com, 2017. Online. Internet. 27 Sep. 2017. . Available: https://corporate.mcdonalds.com/mcd/sustainability/community/strengthening-communities.html. "Newsroom".McDonald's UK, 2017. Online. Internet. 27 Sep. 2017. . Available: https://www.mcdonalds.co.uk/ukhome/Aboutus/Newsroom.html. "What charities does McDonald's support or work with in the UK?".What makes McDonald's, 2017. Online. Internet. 27 Sep. 2017. . Available: https://www.mcdonalds.co.uk/ukhome/whatmakesmcdonalds/questions/running-the-business/charities/what-charities-does-mcdonalds-support-or-work-with-in-the-uk.html.

Case Study of CQuest Marine-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Disucss about the Case Study of CQuest Marine Laboratory. Answer: Introduction: The part of the business organisation that is responsible for the production of goods or services is called the operation management. Production of goods requires the involvement of the raw materials, parts of the machine or any other related work for the completion of the particular project (Falkowski et al., 2014). At many times, it is also found that a particular organisation is found to redesign their business operation in the production of goods or services when they find it necessary (Pinson, 2013). The aim of the entire operation management plan is to ensure that the business operations are efficient in terms of conservation of resources as well as meeting the requirement of the prospected group of consumers. The idea is to manage the process of manufacturing the product or providing the service in order to the consumers (Jacobs Chase, 2013). The idea is to be responsible enough to ensure that the particular business operation is efficient and that the inputs can be easily co nverted to outputs without the loss of material, labour and energy. The aim of this report is to carry out a case study analysis of the CQuest Marine Laboratory that is a floating platform along the coral Cay. A detailed analysis of the operational management activities undertaken by this laboratory shall be taken into consideration in order to evaluate the case. Based on the findings, certain recommendations can be made that would help to improve the business activity of the Quest Marine Laboratory. Critical analysis of the case study: CQuest Marine Laboratory is a floating platform that is permanently anchored along the coral Cay started as a marine laboratory. The laboratory has been privately owned by Douglas and Amy Patterson. Later, this laboratory was converted into a business venture that was opened for the tourists (Schaltegger Burritt, 2014). Doug and Amy are well known for their business activities and ventures related to tourism and this is reflected from the fact that they have received international tourism award in 2017. In terms of operational activities there needs to be certain activities to be changed in the present business model (Heizer, 2016). Primarily, in order to create unique tourism experience, the place needs to be fixed and amended in order create a place that will be a better place for the tourists to visit. There needs to appoint a number of persons who shall be responsible for taking care of the overall activities of serving and hospitality. The demand of the particular business depe nds on the seasonal activities. For example, the demand increases during the holidays in the northern and southern continents (Schaltegger Burritt, 2014). The complete process also needed a huge amount of investment because there needs to be a change in the traditional form of tourism activity. The idea of the business is to give such an experience to the visitors that they could not find it anywhere else (Slack, 2015). Ultimately, all these operations require recruiting a person who shall be responsible for taking care of the entire activity. Considering all the aspects of the operation management, the particular business idea has been found to be successful enough. However, it has been also observed that in terms of using the particular place for the tourism activities, it has also been found to degrade the renowned aspect of the particular place declining the geographic and the physical beauty of the particular place(Brown, Bessant Lamming, 2013). Thus, this has created a chall enge in terms of sustainability of the business. Operations Management principles According to the operation management principle, there are certain ways of creating an optimal output from various inputs. The idea is similar in case of both products and services. The Operation Management Principles that are linked with the particular case study can be mentioned below: Principle of organisation: According to this concept, there should remain coherence in all the activities of the manufacturing or service that directly contribute towards the profitability of the organisation. The idea is to build the organisation that it would support the demand of the market (Peppard Ward, 2016). Therefore, the expenditure that has been made in improving the condition of business is justified enough because it has also helped in accommodating a larger number of tourists. Principle of fundamental and accountability: The organisation should be responsible enough to adhere to the principles of maintaining the records and principles of the business. For instance, the idea behind the business model of the CQML was that it would come up with the approach of building a place to stay for the tourists looking into the factor that the demand of hotels is high in that region (Annarelli Nonino, 2016). Thus, when the tourists will be given a better option for their stay. Process management: Another aspect of the operation management is the process management. The idea is to transform the expenses and other things as input into the output that would provide the required output (Brown, Bessant Lamming, 2013). Primarily, the idea of the operation management is to come up with high quality labour because in order to carry out the various activities of the particular business (Galliers Leidner, 2014). If the particular case study it has been found that since the business is related to the hospitality sector, it is important to hire that particular individual who shall be taking care of the overall activities of the business. Thus, investing on the labour is a wise and just decision. Just in time: In order to provide the service to the visitors it is also important to undertake the just in time service approach that would help the organisation to come up with better ideas that would serve the consumers in a better way by offering them new form of leisure and entertainment activities (Jacobs Chase, 2013). Operational Management Theories: The theories of operation management that can be discussed according to the implementation of the particular business are the Total Quality Management and the Theory of Constraints. Theory of Constraints: According to this theory, the idea of the business is to identify the important factors that are systematically improved until certain limiting factors are put into existence. The idea is to improve the existing and the complex business idea and to bring profit in the shortest possible time. According to the particular case study, it has been found that Doug and Amy came up with a unique idea of providing the best quality service to the tourists or the visitors. In order to do this, the primary step undertaken is to provide the best quality service to the visitors (Brown, Bessant Lamming, 2013). Considering the increased demand, it has also been found that better approach has been made on designing the particular place that it would be liked by all and would effectively work as a particular business model (Schaltegger Burritt, 2014). In addition to this, it has been found that considering the increasing impact of the global warming, the business model has als o focused on creating a new idea that would be welcome for the tourists or the visitors. Theory of Total Quality Management: The idea of business concept and the management approach that is carried on through the customer satisfaction process is called the total quality management. In the recent time when the competition in the market is very high, it is important to become customer focused and provide all the necessary elements that would create better opportunity for the customers and serve them in the right way (Oakland, 2014). The total quality management also involves others activities as well. For example, it required continuous monitoring of the process as well. In fact, when it comes to the quality management of the hospitality business, it was important to consider the internal and external factors that would affect the business. Thus, it is important to carry out a detailed market research in order to understand the market demand and framing the organisational strategies in the similar way (Schaltegger Burritt, 2014). Six Sigma model: This model is based on the fact that there is the need of continuous improvement in the process of business. In order to do so, there should be improvement in the quality and system of the particular product or service. The Six Sigma process involves a number of approaches as well. Primarily, it is important to design the model keeping the needs of the consumers into consideration (Jackson, Schuler Jiang, 2014). For the tourism activity, it is important to consider the changing demand of the consumers when it comes to tourism activity. Thus, designing the particular spot according to the choice of the consumers is the first important criterion. In doing so, it is equally important to consider the sustainability approach of the entire business process (Mir Pinnington, 2014). It has been found that the particular design of the tourism activity does not comply by the sustainability of the environment. Recommendations: Understanding the market demand: As kit has been observed that the demand of the particular hospitality sector varies according to the demand, it is important to carry out a detailed market survey. This would include the internal and external demand analysis of the market according to the changing scenario of the tourism activities (McFarlin Sweeney, 2014). Considering continual improvement in the business: As it has been found that the business model is based on the nature and the tourism activities, it is important to keep a continual improvement of the particular business model. Keeping pace with the changing demand of the consumers should be the major motive of the business. In addition to this, improvement related to the activities of the tourism would add prosperity to the business (Zurich, 2017). Strategic and systematic approach: There is no particular business mission and vision that has been found to be followed in this particular business model. Thus, it has to be recommended that there should be a strategic and systematic approach towards the particular business model (Jeston Nelis, 2014). The mission of the business could be to serve the visitors and take them to the lap of the nature in order to give them an experience that they never had. It is equally important to carry on a systematic approach that would follow the business model. Building business model towards sustainability: Sustainability should be the primary concern when it comes to a business activity related to the nature and tourism. From the business model, it has been clearly evident that there is no concept of sustainability that has been applied in this particular business model (Schaltegger Burritt, 2014). Thus, it is highly recommended that certain sustainable approach to save the environment should be undertaken by Doug and Amy. Conclusion: By the end of the findings, it can be concluded that the business approach that has been undertaken based on the tourism and hospitality can be a good idea of the business because of the uniqueness of the business. This particular place offers a different kind of enjoyment to the visitors as the idea is unique. It has been found that the considering the fluctuating demand of the tourism activity at different season and time of the year, there should be different opportunities of carrying out the business operation. Different types of operational management theories and models have been used for understanding the business model and concept. It has been found that designing the business accordingly keeping the aspects like profitability and sustainability into consideration. Based on the findings, certain recommendations have also been made. It is very important to understand the market demand and then shaping the business activity likewise. In doing so, conducting the market analysis is important. Undertaking a systematic and strategic approach of the business is the primary requisite apart from designing and building a particular business model. It is expected that the unique business idea will be effective and fruitful enough to attract more numbers of tourists and visitors to this particular place. References: Annarelli, A., Nonino, F. (2016). Strategic and operational management of organizational resilience: Current state of research and future directions.Omega,62, 1-18. Brown, S., Bessant, J. R., Lamming, R. (2013).Strategic operations management. Routledge. Falkowski, M. J., Hudak, A. T., Crookston, N. L., Scheller, R. M., Duveneck, M., Nagel, L. M., Froese, R. E. (2014, December). Enhancing Tools and Geospatial Data to Support Operational Forest Management and Regional Forest Planning in the Face of Climate Change. InAGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. Galliers, R. D., Leidner, D. E. (Eds.). (2014).Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Heizer, J. (2016).Operations Management, 11/e. Pearson Education India. Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S., Jiang, K. (2014). An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management.Academy of Management Annals,8(1), 1-56. Jacobs, R., Chase, R. (2013).Operations and supply chain management. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Jeston, J., Nelis, J. (2014).Business process management. Routledge. McFarlin, D., Sweeney, P. D. (2014).International management: strategic opportunities cultural challenges. Routledge. Mir, F. A., Pinnington, A. H. (2014). Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International journal of project management,32(2), 202-217. Oakland, J. S. (2014).Total quality management and operational excellence: text with cases. Routledge. Peppard, J., Ward, J. (2016).The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Pinson, P. (2013). Wind energy: Forecasting challenges for its operational management.Statistical Science, 564-585. Schaltegger, S., Burritt, R. (2014). Measuring and managing sustainability performance of supply chains: Review and sustainability supply chain management framework.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,19(3), 232-241. Slack, N. (2015).Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Zurich, L. B. (2017). Service Operations and Management.

What is politics Essay Example

What is politics? Paper Many people hold contrasting views on the nature of politics. Politics can exist on many different levels. It can concern disputes within the workplace and home, to the way in which a state is run. Politics refers to the power struggles in government down to the small influences among peers.  The Oxford Concise Dictionary states that politics is The art and science of government, a particular set of ideas, principles or commitments. This is a sweeping definition that covers two key strands of thought as identified by Oakeshott and Crick. Michael Oakeshott, who is a modern philosopher, believes that politics is merely the organisation of the running of the state, which implies doing whatever is necessary to promote the wellbeing of the people. This leaves room for all types of rule such as totalitarian, democratic or theocratic. Oakeshott believes that the process and structure of politics is more important than the ideas behind it. Professor Bernard Crick believes that politics is a peaceful resolution of conflict. Disputes in ideas and Interests are solved through organised and legal methods that have been agreed beforehand. This then suggests that the opposite is some form of violence. This may be civil war, a form of armed conflict or Revolution. He believes the process by which politics is ruled cannot exist without the ideas and values behind it. These are ideas such as capitalism, socialism and fascism. We will write a custom essay sample on What is politics? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What is politics? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What is politics? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The famous leader Mao Tse-tung has ideas on politics which coincide with both these views. He once said that Politics is war without bloodshed, while war is politics with bloodshed. Mao Tse-tung is saying that war and politics are the same thing, however politics can be without fighting. He is saying that there are two approaches to politics one is with blood being shed and the other is through peaceful means, which will solve the dispute fairly and democratically. War is a battle of ideas between different parties. An example of this is the English civil war, which was between parliamentarians and monarchists. Mao Tse-tung feels you should do whatever it takes to secure political power as this quote shows Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun. Mao Tse-tung believes that violence should be used when it comes to securing power. I think that politics is a fact of life. Some people will see a positive side to it and believe it is about building a better society, this may mean making it safer for the next generation, more equalitarian and a richer country and economy. It concerns the maintenance of law and order and the process that allocates scare resources, such as money, between different groups. Others may see the cynical side of politics the corruption and dirty tricks. Politicians may only get into politics to further there own wealth and success rather than the success of the country.  These conflicting views demonstrate that there is not one simple answer to the nature of politics. You can look at it broadly as the manner in which a state is run, or as conflicts in interests. The disputes politics encounters can be resolved peacefully or by using violence.  Politics is about Power and who has it.

Street Children In Egypt Essay Example

Street Children In Egypt Essay Example Street Children In Egypt Essay Example Street Children In Egypt Essay Example Children belong to the family which makes the community. However, they are the most vulnerable members in terms of a political, social, and economic crisis at family, community, and state level. They cannot defend themselves as adults do; hence, coping with such situations becomes hard. Most of them opt to go to streets, thus the name street children. People identify them in many ways, including those children who beg for food, money in the streets of towns and cities. They dress in rags or oversized cloths and they are dirty with many bruises on their face and body because they commonly engage in fights with others when they struggle to obtain food or something else. Some street girls have their own babies and other babies do not have their mothers. They sleep on streets on bare floors or on pieces of cardboards and tattered blankets. They may ask people for simple jobs like cleaning cars, carrying loads, and cleaning and collecting litter so that they can get money to buy food. Peo ple believe that most of them are orphans and homeless. Governmental and non-governmental organizations have failed to estimate the number of children in the streets. Studies show that it is difficult to attain an exact number of street children in a city or country because some street children keep on moving from one place to another. Also, sometimes they are in the street, but sometimes they are at their homes. Street children do not have birth certificates; hence, it is difficult to calculate their number. However, most organizations and individuals believe that extensive research has not been carried out to estimate their number because of the lack of resources and people to carry out the research. It would prove that their number increases day by day. However, what exactly does a street child mean? A street child has no clear definition because people have their own definition and agreeing on one definition is difficult. This is according to sociologists and psychologists. They offer various identification criteria and people see such children as abnormal and marginalized. Street children identify the street as a place where they can get work and obtain money for survival. For others it is a home where they live with other children whom they treat like a family. Therefore, they are loved by fellow street children and are hated by them as well, which leads to frequent fights, but that is their life and they understand it. This paper will help understand and clearly define the notion of street children. The paper looks at the notion of street children, how they become street children, problems they face, and ways to help them. How Do Children Become Street Children? Many researchers have shown that every street child has his/her own story on how he/she became a street child. They vary from one child to another, but all lead to the same situation, i.e. becoming a street child. There are three types of street children: there are children who run away from home and live in the street; children working in the street most of their time, but finally going to their homes; and, finally, children who are born in the street by street children and live there with their family consisting of either mother, father or both. This classification helps us tackle the reasons why many children become street children. According to interviews conducted in the streets of Cairo, the reasons found may include the following: Family/Parental abuse 3 out of 10 street children interviewed were there because of parental abuse. Children are born into a family with both parents. The abuse comes in when one or both parents hate the child because the mother or father is dead and a step parent physically beats the child. The child is unable to cope with hatred and many sufferings and opts to run away, ending up in the street. In the street, the child gets a sense of belonging and love from other children, hence making a street a home away from home. Child labor Living standards of many families are low because of the poor economy. Studies show that most parents cannot meet the needs of the family like food, education, medicine, shelter because they have low incomes, making life hard and opting for support from children. Therefore, they send their children to sell things like tissue paper, cheap stuffs, carry loads, clean cars in order to get money. Others beg for money to buy food or assist their family. Most street children confessed that they decided to stay there and never to return home because they saw it as a punishment. They work and keep the money for themselves. Hence, they become street children who work to survive. 30% of street children in Egypt have emerged in the result of supporting the family through work. Sexual harassment by family members Children, especially girls, are exposed to many problems in the society like rape and incest. They are not protected from other family members like step fathers, uncles, step brothers,. This results in incest, which is a taboo in most cultures. Members of the community molested and harassed them. This made them feel that they are not protected and they decided to protect themselves by going to the street. 40% of girls in the street had been raped, molested, and harassed by family members and the community. Homelessness Some families do not have homes, especially if there are clashes and the house is burnt down. War and natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, and landslides leave many people homeless and they feel that the only place they can run to is the street. 1% of street children said that they had no place to stay. Poverty Some children may not survive without food. Thus, they run to towns and cities to beg for food or work to buy food and anything they want. Poverty means that the child cannot get satisfaction and begging may be the only option. Parental divorce When family relations have broken, the member affected most is the child. They cannot stay with the father because he might marry another woman and hate the child or the mother may get married and step father would abuse the child. Thus, they opt to stay alone, which is difficult. Finally, they run to streets for comfort and have a sense of belonging. 24% of those who join institutional care are from broken families. Neglect Neglect from parents or other siblings makes children run because they are not comfortable in the family. Negligence contributes to effects like physical abuse and sexual harassment. Thus, they prevent such consequences by running away. Parents who are drug addicts fail to provide for their family. Social interaction is absent, especially when parents are drug addicts or busy with work. Therefore, children feel that they are ignored and neglected, hence running to streets to have a sense of belonging by being loved by others. 32% reported the lack of love and care from parents and other family members. Migration from rural to urban areas Houses in urban centers are small and have poor conditions. Rooms cannot accommodate all family members; thus, children go to street to work and earn money and this eventually leads to living in the street. Failure at school When children fail at school, they may be beaten by parents and this causes education stress in the life of the child. Dropping out of school becomes an option and if they cannot stay in the village, they go to towns to look for work, ending up in the street. Loss of parents Parents may die due to suffering from diseases like HIV, natural disasters like floods, landslide, or war and other conflicts. This makes children support themselves, which they do by working in the streets. Studies show that each and every street child feels that street is the home and he/she owns that space. They have rules and regulations, which they follow even though they do not follow the state laws. They seek to be accepted by other street children and care how they feel about them, but they do not care what other people feel about them. They have organized groups and each area in the street has a leader who supports others. The leaders do not head criminal activities rather they give drugs, protection, and any help to other street children and are given money or sex in exchange. They have powers over space and general survival, so others must obey them. What Does Street Child Mean for Us? Anybody seen clothed in rags, dirty, and living in the street is automatically deemed a street child. People see them as criminals, beggars, victims who need to be eliminated from the streets. People believe that only poor children from poor backgrounds are the ones who become street children. However, this is not enough for categorizing and labeling them. Most social workers and non-governmental organizations give stories so that people may sympathize with such children. Street children do not want pity, but rather they want basic children rights like right to education, right to be taken care of, right to be provided with basic needs and emotional needs (Mikhail, 2013). Street children are stubborn, aggressive, selfish, with unstable emotional behaviors, abusive, rebellious, they lack trust, and they may not concentrate on any duty given. This is because of the environment they stay in has harsh conditions, under which they struggle to survive. They mature early and have tactics of self-reliance because they know how to survive by begging, working, or selling their bodies to get money. They believe that security is self-defense and personal protection. They are able to form subcultures like gangs, prostitutes, which goes against society’s expectations. Therefore, they are very rebellious to the society’s laws and ignore societal patterns and systems. Problems that Face Street Children in Egypt Street children face many problems, which affect their physical and psychological health and general safety. The research shows that the surrounding environment, fellow street children, police, and many other factors cause problems to street children. The problems include: Physical harassment like being beaten by passerby, police officers, fellow street children due to the lack of cooperation with their leaders. Verbal abuse, which makes them remember the past and what made them become street children. Sexual abuse because some are forced to have sex without consent, others may agree to sex, but they are not paid for it; this causes psychological and health problems. Economic exploitation because they are forced to work long hours with low wages. For instance, they clean cars and trucks till night and receive little or no pay at all. Safety issues like accidents, cars running over them, somebody mistaking them for loads. Lack of education Risks of drug use, trafficking, and distribution. They engage in gang activities like robbery, fraudulent activities, damage of public and private properties, and murder. Harsh climatic conditions like cold, rain, wind, hot conditions that increase amount of dust. This exposes them to many health problems, which they may not be able to treat. Consequences of the Problems of Street Children in Egypt Death: Many street children die in the result of accidents, physical abuse, and illnesses. They may be beaten by fellow street children till they are helpless. In case they engage in gang activities like robbery, they are shot dead. They suffer from various diseases such as anemia, headaches, diarrhea, and many others, which they do not have care and medicine to treat. They may die from attempted abortion as a result of unplanned pregnancies. Infection: By having sex without protection, they are exposed to sexually transmitted diseases, which are expensive to cure. Hygiene-related diseases like lice and general body cleanliness contribute to many illnesses. They do not have a balanced diet; food is dirty because it is taken from garbage, making them feel ill. Police arrests and imprisonment: Some street children are hired by activists and protestors to protest on the streets. They are arrested by the police and are taken to court where they are jailed or taken to correction centers, which abuse them physically, psychologically, and sexually. Early pregnancies: Both sex at will and sex without will may cause unplanned pregnancies that lead to a burden of caring for and raising street-born children. Street mothers may not be able to take care of their babies, which may lead to deaths of young babies. If abortion is attempted, the life is endangered and such an attempt may lead to death. Drug abuse: Use of drugs is rampant, especially smoking, taking glue and other drugs, which they combine with many substances. This is because they can easily obtain them from dealers whom they pay with sex or money. They take drugs to cope with street life, sleep easily, relieve themselves from pain and hunger, and fit into the group to which they belong. This is dangerous for their health and health of others within the group. Rebelliousness: They do not want to obey any person and any authority except for their leader in the street. They do not trust anybody; so, they tend to rebel against any action of the community and social organizations. This leads to formation of rebellious groups that engage in criminal activities against the society’s norms. What Has the NGO and Other Organizations Done to the Street Children until Now in Egypt? Some of the non-governmental organizations that work to help street children and their families include CARITAS Egypt, Al-Amal village, the General Egyptian Association for Child Protection, and Toufolti Association. Hope Village Society (HVS) has partnered with Cairo Street Children Development Cooperation Project to provide shelter to young street mothers and other street children through provision of mobile clinics and day centers. They may work alone or partner with governmental organizations or other NGOs like the UNICEF to help street children. They may fund themselves and also receive financial aid from countries like the US, the UK, and many others. The government has arranged various recreational programs that include street children into various tournaments. This prevents from activists and protestors using children in unworthy activities by paying them little and letting them be arrested and imprisoned. Egypt has organized soccer competitions that encourage street children to participate in the World Cup. The main purpose of this is to rehabilitate them and cultivate a decent future for children. They may encourage them to join school or start business like Youssef. For instance, there is a 10-day tournament that includes 230 street children. Such activists help children obtain birth certificates, passports, and visas and meet with many people. 19 countries are participating in the tournament in Rio de Janeiro this week, according to The National News. Teams, which comprise of 9 street children, a coach, and many social workers, play a major role in helping reduce the number of street children. The government and other institutions have trained social workers who work closely with street children and connect them with other members of the society. The NGOs and other government institutions have called for volunteers, social workers, sociologists, and psychologists to work in reception centers, institutional care institutions to help children abandon street life. They have encouraged the community to take up foster roles to take care of children deprived of it like orphans and destitute. They have engaged many individuals and organizations in research that come up with strategies to reduce the amount of street children. Programs have been started to help street children with various needs like educational, recreational, emotional, and psychological ones, which are offered in the drop-in centers. This has helped many children in giving up street life and engaging in sports, joining primary, secondary, or technical training institutions to acquire skills that will help them make a living and fit in the society. Some organizations have provided residential care like building an orphanage, homes, and hostels to help children move away from street and access basic needs. The government has built residential care nurseries that care for children between 2-6 years until they are transferred to institutional care institutions or are taken by foster families. About 30 care nurseries are said to be built, which has helped around 500 street children. 174 residential care units have been built to provide residential, educational, medical, and recreational services to about 6,000 street children who leave the unit when they are able to support themselves by being equipped with different technical skills (UNODC). The state through the social affairs ministry has set projects like Rural Woman Project that supports around 40,000 women in 123 villages in generating income (UNODC). They also offer educational programs on reproductive health, parenting, and entrepreneurship. This has transformed many families from being poor to levels when they can support their families, hence avoiding child labor. Also, those productive families have been encouraged to start income-generating projects to support and educate poor families in order to become productive and avoid financial aid. They also help them join self-help groups to benefit from many services given by the NGOs and the government. The ministry has also provided social security services by offering monthly pensions and other financial support programs to poor families. These services are enacted based on the Child Law of 1996. This enables them to educate their children, buy food, and satisfy other needs of their children. Foster families have been reintroduced to provide care to children who have been deprived of care like orphans and the destitute ones. Foster families support children till a certain age or until their family conditions improve. The government encourages the community to support street children by giving them education, providing street children with food, shelter, and general emotional care, including love and sense of belonging. Problems affecting street children are directly addressed by the General Social Defense Department suggesting appropriate training programs to suit different needs of street children. Some children need educational programs so that they may become professionals; others need to become self-reliant through starting businesses or finding jobs; and others want to join their families. They also conduct research on the social phenomenon that makes children become street children and take necessary actions by planning the activities. They also conduct follow-ups for children who have graduated from institutional care to see their progress and adaptation to the society. The NGOs have tackled the issue of motherhood and childhood, though not fully, in their program entitled reconstructing the construct, which targets children and mothers because they are the most affected contributors to a menace. They have also encouraged family reunions, which has reduced the amount of street children. Future Plans The government through the Ministry of Social Affairs plans to implement policies and programs that help to control street children. They want to raise family awareness so that they may educate families on reproductive health, proper ways of raising children, technical development skills, and importance of maintaining good family relations. The government plans to combine efforts with the NGOs to do research on the social phenomenon that makes children become street children. After research, they will draft programs to tackle such issues by improving status of poor families and ensuring that parents give birth to a number of children they can support well. They plan to use media and other communication technologies like hotline telephone lines to raise awareness of parenting issues and connecting with children. TVs, radios, and posters may be used to inform parents of their responsibilities. Posters may be used to inform them of any program meeting. They want to start bureaus to offer guidance and counseling services to families and help them to solve most significant family problems like divorce and breakdowns. Family relations are the major cause of the phenomenon of street children. Therefore, by opening these bureaus and equipping them with competent staff, they will offer advice to families how to avoid breaking the family and taking care of children before they become street children. They will also help to connect children and their families through research on the causes of separation and possible ways to reunite. The government and other organizations plan to use recreational services like drama and theaters to show people consequences of behavioral disorder and enhance rehabilitation. Through acting on most common social phenomena, people are able to relate the show with their real life and this will encourage them to promote acceptable behaviors in the society. Theaters will provide entertainment and educational benefits to many street children by raising awareness of behavioral disorders like gangs, rebellion, self-defense, drug addiction, their effects, and ways to deal with these problems in order to avoid forming subcultures. The government and other NGOs plan to train more psychologists, social workers, and sociologists to work closely with street children, the institutional care, reception centers, and other care nurseries. They will participate in the community work to ensure awareness is raised appropriately and looking for the best ways to manage family reunions and projects that are income-generating. They also encourage members of the public to volunteer themselves so that they may help street children. The government plans to build, upgrade, and equip technical training institutions with machines and equipment for workshops and vocational training in Dar Al-Tarbia in Giza. It offers many training programs like tailoring and embroidery for girls, plumbing, masonry, carpentry, mechanics, and many others for boys (UNODC). However, government workers want to upgrade these centers and equip them with modern equipment and machines like computers, photocopiers, and sewing machines. This will help street children to have skills that will give them a profession or will help them start their businesses to support themselves and their families. They also want to provide a consistent supply of raw materials needed in these workshops like embroidery and tailoring materials, wires, paper, and other required materials used in training. The Ministry is planning to develop new and appropriate strategies to help with follow-ups after children leaving street life and residential units. They will help in establishing whether those who graduate from institutional care are able to start their own businesses and if they face any challenges and solve them. Most follow-ups are outdated and inappropriate. Therefore, re-strategizing new methods like checking and ensuring that each graduated child receives tools to start his/her own business and manage career development will help a lot. For recreation services, the Ministry and other NGOs plan to encourage and equip children with sport materials. This will help in reducing the number of street children being involved in criminal activities, protesting, and other bad behaviors that expose them to various risks. Creation of teams that comprise of street children and participate in local, national, and international tournaments will help street children and reduce the amount of problems they are facing. For instance, soccer, volleyball, athletics, basketball, drama, music are major areas of focus that will keep children off the street and nurture their talent and help to develop career. Various projects are proposed by the government and the NGOs to help in generating income to poor families. Rural Woman Project has been started, but it needs to be funded so that they may help women in villages because most of them take care of their families after family breakdown, divorce, single motherhood situations. Apart from generating income, they will also receive training on various skills development, parenting, and other guidance and counseling services. There are plans to combine efforts of the government and the NGOs to support and reduce the number of street children. Working in different areas may not yield desired results. Thus, combining efforts and focusing on one goal will help both the government and the NGOs to succeed in dealing with this phenomenon. They will utilize available resources to carry out the research and analyze the results to develop important policies and procedures in order to help street children and prevent children from preferring street life more than their homes. Al-Horia, an NGO, has a project to provide emergency services to street children in terms of many risks exposed. Many health problems are not addressed; also, street children face many emergency cases with no help. The NGO will provide street children with emergency service like first aid, ambulance services, and care. In doing so, they may avoid many deaths in the streets. They may save girls from dangerous abortion, sexual abuse, and many accidents. Effectiveness of the Services Provided to Street Children by Governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations Most of the NGOs have tried to make street children unite with their families. However, it is difficult and ineffective because most children do not want to go back because of the past experience. Hence, they prefer to stay alone or in some place other than their families. Victims of rape, torture, and neglect are hard to reunite. Also, the process requires a comprehensive process of visitation to the family before and after reunion and this may be expensive. The NGO needs to work with government officials like chiefs and village elders for the process to succeed. Cases of drug abuse have not been effectively tackled. Reception centers reject those under drugs or who are addicts because they believe these people may interrupt programs and make others not attend the trainings. Detoxification services to help those who have used drugs are not available. Hence, drug use needs to be focused on because most street children use drugs and substances for different reasons. Drug awareness is also not effectively done in terms of street children. Hence, there are many risks they are exposed to, including health problems and socio-behavioral disorders. Raising awareness through the media is not enough. Direct participation is required to collectively campaign against many social vices that tend to influence an increase in the number of street children. Some people may not access information from radios, TVs, or theater shows and drama. Thus, information is not received by intended parties who live in villages. Therefore, the media are not effective in addressing the problems. Research is not effective because those who carry out the research focus only on causes and problems faced by street children instead of involving them in creating policies that will help them to meet their various needs. When they introduce educational programs for adults and street children, they use ordinary syllabuses, forgetting that these are special cases that require different educational approaches. Special needs require special attention to achieve the desired results. The common syllabuses used by regular schools may not be effective in institutional care centers. Adult programs are outdated and non-influential; thus, less impact is made on adults. There are many health programs in place to help street children like a doctor visiting children twice or thrice a week. However, they are not effectively carried out because street children do not trust people. They also fear interaction with people because they may be arrested or injected with medicine that may hinder carrying out their street duties. Those with mental issues have not been helped because of ineffective methods used. Most street children beg for food, some buy food from cheap cafes, and others get it from garbage. This exposes them to health problems. Organizations help to acquire food, but it may not be balanced and not meet various nutritional needs of each street child. Therefore, nutritional needs are not effectively tackled. Child rights and protection are not effectively handled because street children after recovering and returning home suffer from marginalization and stigmatization from other family members and the community. Thus, they are not protected and if they start their own businesses, few people understand and support them. Child rights are not granted to them because they may be expensive for the government and other organizations to provide. Therefore, the Acts are not fully implemented because of the lack of resources. Solutions to Reduce the Growing Problem of Street Children in Egypt Many problems faced by street children can be addressed easily by focusing on various aspects of their childhood life. Focusing on their needs will help prevent children from running away from home and focusing on problems faced by street children will help them to move out of street life and engage in the society development through various systems and activities. There are four categories of intervention that can be used to reduce the growing problems of street children. They include: structural-based, community-based, center-based, and street-based interventions. Structural-based interventions include policies and procedures that are laid down by various organizations targeting street children. They include research done to help reduce the growing number of street children, strategies to help those on the streets get something important to do, acquire a profession, and reunite with families. Many organizations need to offer programs that may benefit these children like creating recreational events that will include street children. Introduction and implementing various Acts, which are in place like child rights and protection through the use of legislative functions of the government, will help decrease the problem. Community-based interventions involve various projects and programs that educate parents on the benefits of maintaining family relations with their children. Various projects need to be initiated to encourage entrepreneurship and other skills development. This will generate income and help with the provision of basic needs. Also, parenting programs need to be in place so that the responsibility of parents is emphasized, for example, with respect to adequate interaction between a child and a parent in order to avoid negligence and implement a sense of love and belonging in the mind of a child coming from parents, not the street. Center-based interventions should be developed and implemented in reception centers, institutional care centers, and other places that support children. These centers need to have competent staff with passion to work with street children, rather than for their personal benefit. There should be sociologists, psychologists, social workers who are willing to work closely with such children. They should be well-trained and exposed to field work so as to gain skills and competency on problems affecting street children. They should equip these centers with required facilities to effectively deliver various programs and services to children and the community. Street-based interventions include various strategies to support children while in the street. For instance, raising awareness of the drug and substance abuse and health problems they are exposed to will yield good results. Involving street children in cleaning the city as a community work, attending cultural events, creating teams for various tournaments and music and drama festivals will help children realize their talent and nurture it. Above all, it will develop a sense of belonging to the family and the community. Food aids, medicine, providing with clothes, and other care services will make it easier to rehabilitate such children. Street children are not a new phenomenon in the country as they have existed since the 1980s and if the government and the NGOs do not tackle it effectively, there will be a tremendous increase in their number because of the economic, political, and social crisis in the country. Such children may also cause many problems in the whole country. Individual and community perception towards street children must change so as to know exactly who is a street child and ways to prevent children from becoming one in the streets. The responsibilities of each and every person at the family, community, and state level should be emphasized. Parents should be aware of their duties and responsibilities and penalties for failure to respect their duties. Street children do not have rights, but they have children rights that are stipulated in the Child Rights and Protection Act. Therefore, social workers and those who work with street children should advocate for children rights and not try to make the community sympathize with street children. They should make the community tackle the causes and try to avoid them. Those already in the street should be encouraged to leave the street life by implementing focused programs that emphasize their present and future needs and not their past. There are some people and groups of people that prevent the government and other NGOs from implementing the important plans concerning street children. The Muslim Brotherhood is said to prevent many NGOs from executing their plans. To avoid these situations, there should be appropriate policies to protect these organizations and heavy penalties should be imposed on those groups that are against such developments. By combining efforts at the family, community, and organizational levels, many social, economic, and political issues will be solved and families will become a safe place for child growth and development.

Course Work 1 ( Legal Framework of Protective Security) Essay

Course Work 1 ( Legal Framework of Protective Security) - Essay Example â€Å"The tort of negligence has developed this century largely as a result of the judgement in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson† (â€Å"Negligence: The Law of Tort, 2010, pgh. 1). In that particular case, a woman was having an ice-cream float. She happened to see something in her ginger which appeared to be decomposed snail. Since she complained to the courts regarding the company, Stevenson, having a duty of care towards herself as the buyer of the drink, she mainly blamed the company for its negligence. This was due to the fact that she had to not only seek out a medical professional, but in addition suffered much psychological stress as a result of the event. In this manner, this was an excellent case to be used as a precedent in UK law. It defined a clear ruling that basically states that everyone who is presumed to be one’s ‘neighbour’ is therefore responsible for being protected by the person who is in his duty of care. Duty of care, therefore, will be defined here. Duty of care is the obligation to exercise a level of care towards an individual, as is reasonable in all the circumstances, to avoid injury to that individual or his property.The duty of care is therefore based on the relationship of the different parties†¦.† (â€Å"What is the Duty of Care?†, 2010, pghs. 1-2). ... The second party in Cheryl’s security detail, John, is probably responsible for the blogger’s broken rib, since he kicked the man in the chest. Since Martin only held the man down, technically he is not responsible for any of the damage caused to the hip-hop blogger. Both Carl and John could both be charged with Actual Bodily Harm, even though Carl was the main aggressor. What is important is that John also is seen as responsible for his actions, as well. Even though he didn’t commit the extent of bodily harm to the blogger that Carl did, he is nonetheless still responsible for his actions and should be held responsible for those actions in a court of law. Carl will probably be tried on both civil and criminal charges, which will be discussed more in the next section. As it stands for now, however, Carl must be ready to defend himself in court, and as such, certain types of defences will be discussed in a different section. Several factors must be taken into acco unt in that section, especially the idea that Ms. Rice was fearing for her life at various points. However, the fact that Carl and his team brutally attacked the blogger with little forethought except having heard the man yell out the singer’s name precipitated an event which is sure that the blogger had no idea was going to happen. The metallic object in his hand happened to be a walkman so he could record the interview that he wanted to have with Cheryl. The blogger himself could definitely be charged with trespassing due to the fact that he had gotten into the venue without proper access to have an interview. II. Advisement to Carl on His Position in Civil and Criminal Law (650 words) Good advice for Carl is to not speak, except to

Manager in a News Paper Office Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Manager in a News Paper Office - Essay Example The inputs from different parts of the country may be from network of the company and the inputs regarding news all over the world can come through internet. Extracting news or inputs from network of the company involves managers who work under him and are responsible for collecting the inputs. The next part involves the middle management that exists between the person we discuss and the managers mentioned just above. The middle management compile the data according to the instructions and then pass on to the immediate subordinates of the person, whom we are about to discuss in this paper. The managerial role of Editor involves interpersonal, informational and discretional management. The interpersonal management deals with coordination of field staff and desk staff. The informational role plays a major role in being connected as presentation and organizing the news is the production activity in a news paper. The discretional management lies in deciding the presentation of news and a rticles according to contemporary needs of the society and subscribers. The real responsibility of the Manager (Editor) lies here as he has to go through the compiled or short listed inputs and then has to decide the placement of the news in different pages of the News Paper. ... In addition to the innovational presentation of the news in the News Paper and the official Website of the Paper, the Editor has to deal with two types of environment internally. The first one is the environment regarding reporters and contributors, who furnish inputs to the Newspaper. The second environment is comprised of the Sub Editors, News Editors who analyze and organize the news in print and electronic edition of the News Paper. Monitoring of economic, sociological and political trends is a responsibility as Editor has to follow the above trends in organizing the information. The first environment provides inputs and they deal with number of practical consequences. The editor has to make sure that the inputs are coming in properly by contacting the local bureau chiefs who supervise the inputs coming in. As coverage of the latest news in time is important, the Editor has to make sure that a reporter is present in night duty in each bureau to monitor the latest happenings in his area. While coming to the internal environment, it comprises of sub editors, Senior Sub Editors, Senior Sub Editors, Chief Sub Editors and News Editors. The Sub Editors and Senior Sub Editors are responsible for editing and re writing the news articles and chief subeditors monitor the production work. The Chief Sub Editors report to News Editors and Assistant Editors and they decide about the organizing the data. The Editor has to coordinate with News Editors and Assistant Editors and Associate Editors regarding the organization of data and in case of any doubts can contact Chief Sub Editors to know about the ground realities. After this initial exercise the News Editors and Assistant Editors organize the data in different pages of print and electronic editions.

Impact of the recent decision by the Supreme Court of the United Essay

Impact of the recent decision by the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) - Essay Example The first class action involved prisoners who had serious mental disorder (Coleman v. Brown), while the second class action involved prisoners who had serious medical conditions (Plata v. Brown). Release of Prisoners after many years of failed justice in large numbers, if the state did not get another way of complying with the order, is without doubt a matter of grave concern to the Californian people. The state argued that such violations could be reduced by new constructions and transferring prisoners out of the state, hiring more medical personnel and increased efforts by Coleman Special Master and Plata Receiver. The fast impact of the decision on Californian people is bankrupting the Californian state, (Anonymous 1053). This is because; remedial efforts of meeting medical requirements, food and shelter for prisoners who were highly populated could financially strain Californian sate, rendering it bankrupt. Building of new facilities and hiring of new staff. This is because plans of funding such plans had not yet been secured and while funding of other plans had been delayed.

Critical Issues In Community Care Social Work Essay

Critical Issues In Community Care Social Work Essay The purpose of this essay is to Critically examine an area of Community Care provision in mental health services. ideological, political and legislative frameworks will be taken into account, it will also examine the complex relationships between service user movements, professional bodies and the statutory, voluntary and independent sector services in the delivery of community care it will also identify and justify evidence of good practice in the provision of community care The system of community care was aimed to maintain the stability of the social order and to address the disparities and inconsistencies within the existing community care discourse. Mental health services became a part of the community care system early in the 17th century. With time, mental health in community care became an effective element of regulating the state of mental health across different population groups. Today, mental health community care is a two-tier system of community services, comprising health care and mental care provided to vulnerable populations in need for treating and monitoring various types of mental health conditions. The history of community care in the UK dates back to the beginning of the 17th century, when the Poor Law was adopted to make every parish responsible for supporting those who could not look after themselves (Mind 2010). Yet, it was not before the beginning of the 19th century (or 1808, to be more exact) that the County Asylums Act permitted county justices to build asylums supported by the local authorities to replace psychiatric annexes to voluntary general hospitals (Mind 2010). In 1879, the UK established the Mental Aftercare Association which worked on a comparatively small scale and focused on personal and residential care of the limited amount of mental ex-patients (Yip 2007). The association was further supplemented with three more voluntary associations that worked on a national scale and provided community care to mental outpatients (Yip 2007). Those organisations included the Central Association for Mental Welfare, the Child Guidance Council, and the National Council for Mental Hygiene (Yip 2007). Later in 1939 the Feversham Committee proposed amalgamation of all four voluntary organizations into a single system of mental health community care (Yip 2007). In 1890, the first general hospital clinic for psychiatric patients Was created at St. Thomas Hospital, while the World War I became the turning point in the improvement of health care facilities in the UK, giving rise to an unprecedented number of asylums and hospital facilities for mentally ill people (Yip 2007). It should be noted, that the first stages of mental health community care development was marked with the growing public commitment toward institutionalized care: throughout the 18th and the 19th centuries, cure and containment of mental illnesses in the U.K. and in Europe was provided in accordance with the principles of institutionalized care (Wright et al. 2008). The mental health care went in line in the development and proliferation of other institutional solutions, including houses of correction, schools, and prisons (Wight et al. 2008). The asylums rationale, first and foremost, lay in the belief that separation was in the interests of dangerous lunatics, giving them security and maximizing the prospects for cure (Wright et al 2008). Yet, those who ever appeared within such asylums had only one chance out of three to come out; the majority of mental health patients, regardless of the diagnosis, were destined to stay behind the asylum walls for the rest of their lives (Yip 2007 ). Medical professionals considered asylums as an effective means to isolate potentially dangerous patients from the rest of the community: asylums and isolation often served an effective way of investigating the reasons and consequences of mental health disturbances (Wright et al 2008). Many doctors viewed asylums and isolation as the sources of effective moral treatment for mentally ill (Wright et al 2008). Only by the beginning of the 19th century did professionals in medicine and social care come to recognize insanity as a mental illness and not as a product of sinful human nature; yet, years would pass before asylum residents would be given a slight hope to release themselves from the burden of isolation and torture (Wright et al. 2008). With the development of psychoanalysis in the 19th century, mental health became one of the issues of the national concern supported by the active development of psychopharmacology in the 20th century mental illness was finally explained in somatic terms (Wright et al. 2008). Psychopharmacology promised a relatively safe method of treating and alleviating mental health suffering, while the identity of psychiatry within the medical profession was finally restored (Wright et al 2008). Nevertheless, for many years and centuries, mental health community care remained a by-product of industrialized society development, which, under the pressure of the growing urban populations, sought effective means to maintain the stability of the social order. Because in conditions of the newly emerging economies lunatics and individuals with mental health disturbances were less able to conform to the labor market discipline and more apt to create disorder and disturbance in society, asylums were an e ffective response to the growing urban mass and the basic for maintain peace and stability in the new industrialized community (Goodwin 2007). The need for maintaining social order was an essential component of the community care ideology, with institutionalization and local provision support as the two basic elements of mental health care provision. Today, the provision of mental health community care services is associated with several issues and inconsistencies; many of the community care complexities that emerged early in the 19th century have not been resolved until today. Nevertheless, it would fair to say that under the influence of the social and scientific development, the provision of mental health community services has undergone a profound shift and currently represents a complex combination of health care and social care aimed to treat and support individuals with diagnosed mental health disturbances. In present day community care environments, mental health care provision exemplifies a complex combination of health care and social care. The former is the responsibility of the NHS, while the latter is arranged by local authority social services (Mind 2010). It should be noted, that the division of duties between medical establishments, local authorities, and social care professionals has always been one of the basic complexities in the development of mental health care in the U.K. (Wright et al. 2008). In 1954, the House of Commons was the first to emphasis inadequate resorting of mental health community services and to vote for the development of a community-based rather than a closed system of mental health institutions (Wright et al. 2008). Community services proposed by the House of Commons had to be available to everyone who could potentially benefit from them (Wright et al. 2008). As a result, deinstitutionalization became and remains one of the central policy debates within the mental health service provision discourse. Central to the argument for deinstitutionalization and the development of community-based services is the contention that the prognosis of patients is likely to improve as a result of discharge from mental hospitals, and that people with mental health problems already in community will benefit from remaining there rather than being institutionalized (Goodwin 2007). Social care providers in England claim that deinstitutionalization represents a new style of service provision and approach to mental illness which is better and more acceptable than traditional remote mental hospitals (Goodwin 2007). Since the beginning of the 1970s, mental health community care was associated with the treatment of mentally ill patients outside the asylums but, unfortunately, deinstitutionalization did not always lead to the anticipated results and is still one of the major policy debates. The ideology of deinstitutionalization in mental health community care failed and did not improve the provision of mental health services for several reasons. First, deinstitutionalization does not provide mental health patients with an opportunity to reintegrate with their community: being discharged from asylums, many mentally ill patients were transferred to general medical establishments and other facilities, including residential homes as a result, instead of community living, deinstitutionalization for these patients turned out to be a complex form of deinstitutionalization, while adequate funding of community services was constantly lacking (Wright et al. 2008). For this reason, the practical side of the deinstitutionalization policy proved to be less advantageous for the prevailing majority of asylums residents than it was claimed to be (Goodwin 2007). Second, the ideology of deinstitutionalization does not improve health outcomes for patients with mental problems. The current state of research suggests that the process of transferring mental health patients from one hospital to another results in negative health consequences and adverse mental health reactions, including significant deterioration of behaviors and greater problems with social activity (Goodwin 2007). The more complex are the issues with transferring mentally ill patients from and into prisons according to Fawcett and Karban (2007) the process, later called transinstitutionalisation, results in prison overcrowding and the loss of effective psychiatric care for those who are imprisoned. Today, deinstitutionalization as the ideological underpinning of mental health delivery does not work for patients but works against them. It does not improve the state of care provision and reflects in additional costs and adverse health outcomes. Nevertheless, the prevention of unw anted institutionalization is acknowledged as one of the basic principles of care provision (Gladman et al. 2007) and must become one of the basic elements of policy development and provision in community mental health. The third problem is the lack of outpatient monitoring: the ideology of deinstitutionalization in mental health delivery will not be effective and productive, unless policymakers and social workers have a possibility to monitor the destination of the discharged patients and their live in communities. Throughout the period between 1954 and 1994, the number of mental health hospital beds in the U.K. was reduced from 152000 to 43000 which, according to Wright et al. (2008) did not result in a reduction in the number of people treated. Not with standing that since 1997 the Government is the one solely responsible for the development and implementation of programmes of supervision and control regarding mentally ill patients, the quality of their discharge and monitoring leaves much room for improvement (Lehman 2007). The discharge process itself and the destination of the discharged patients represent the two most problematic areas of community care provision: the discharge process is oft en poorly planned, while a very little effort is put into monitoring their quality of life beyond asylums (Goodwin 2007). Discharged patients are believed to live and operate in the community, with their families and friends, but the real outcomes of the discharge into community is highly variable (Ritchie Spencer 2007). Of all patients discharged from mental hospitals, over 45 percent find themselves in residential homes, 7 percent are in locked facilities, and only 22 percent live independently or with their families (Goodwin 2007). The remainder are either homeless or untreated (Morse et al 2007). Deinstitutionalization in its current form and in the way the government implements it does not make outpatients automatically eligible for social care. In present day community care environments, the four basic measures predetermine the quality of outpatients with mental illnesses lives: sufficient material support, emotional support, sufficient care, and the presence of a well-performing social network within which they must be accepted (Goodwin 2007). These are the basic prerequisites for the successful outpatient reintegration with their Community. The only problem to be resolved is the need to develop a clear set of criteria, which will define and determine each patients right for social care services. Today, according to the basic provisions of the National Service Framework for Mental Health, all mentally ill individuals should have 24-hour access to local social and medical services to meet their needs (Mind 2009). These patients and individuals have the right for their needs to be assessed based on the results of the needs assessment social care providers will decide whether an individual is eligible for this particular type of social services (Mind 2009). Finally, deinstitutionalization of care does not provide any opportunity to properly and objectively assess the needs of patients. When developed, the deinstitutionalization ideology in mental health community care implied that all mental health patients would have similar community needs, but the idealistic interpretation of deinstitutionalization is far from reality. Today, needs assessment was and in one of the most problematic aspects of the social care provision for mentally ill. Despite the fact that needs assessment represents and reflects the major policy shift toward better quality of social care provision, social services do not always provide or have an opportunity to fully utilize their service potential and to meet the needs of the mentally ill individuals. According to Mind (2009), needs assessment compromises community care assessment, care programme approach assessment, mental health assessment, and carers assessment. Yet, there is still the lack of consensus on what constitutes need: social care providers tend to define need as the requirement of individuals to enable them to achieve acceptable quality of life and as a problem which can benefit from an existing intervention (Thornicroft 2007). It is not clear whether acceptable quality of life is the notion comprehensible to guarantee that all community needs of mentally ill patients are met (Barry Crosby 2007). More importantly, it is not clear who, when, and in what conditions should engage in the process of needs assessment: do social care providers possess enough education, training, and knowledge to conduct regular assessments? These are the issues which must be resolved to enhance the quality and efficiency of community care in the context of mental health services. Mental health and deinstitutionalization: still effective Despite the problems and failures of deinstitutionalization, community care for mentally ill individuals is effective and reliable, given that it leads to reduced social withdrawal, better social functioning, and increased participation in various pro-social activities (McGuire et al 2007). That, however, does not mean that mentally ill outpatients have better opportunities to find a job; rather, they either participate in specially designed workshops or return to the function of a house wife (Prot-Klinger Pawlowska 2009). Yet, some population groups require additional attention on the side of care providers. For example, in older populations, more than 55 percent of people with diagnosed schizophrenia were never offered appropriate psychological therapies and do not even have any out-of-hours contact number (Parish 2009). As a result, there must be a profound shift toward providing community care based on the need rather than based on the patient age (Parish 2009). People with lear ning disabilities represent the opposite end of the current problem continuum, and social care providers often either omit or neglect the needs of these patients (Thronicroft 2007). Several essential steps should be made to develop the quality of community care provision for the mentally ill. Conclusion First, community care providers must develop a single set of measures as a part of their needs assessment strategy to make sure that all community care providers operate as one, and use the same criteria of needs assessment in different socioeconomic groups. Second, special attention must be paid to the vulnerable populations that are often overlooked by the community care system, including older patients with mental health problems. Third, the principles of deinstitutionalisation require detailed consideration: more often than not, patients who are discharged from closed mental health facilities are transferred to other mental health hospitals or smaller mental health departments and wards, while the governments striving to reduce the number of mental health beds and specialists do not leave these patients any single chance to meet their health and social needs. The groups of patients, who will benefit most from the closure of the mental health institutions, have in many cases fared worst (Goodwin 2007). Finally and, probably, the most important, is that patients who are discharged from mental health institutions should be closely monitored and constantly supported. One of the main goals of the community care is to help out patients successfully reintegrate with their community. The destination of the discharged patients must become one of the social care priorities, and community care providers must engage outpatients in their social network, to ensure that all social and health needs of t hese individuals are met.

ALS DISEASE Oral Notes :: essays research papers

ALS- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Lou Gehrig’s disease- Yankee B-Ball player 1903-1941 Neurodegenerative disease- Unknown cause breaks tissue down in nervous system. Motor Neurons- they control muscle movement Affects nerves from the brain to the spinal cord (upper motor neurons) then the lower spinal cord (lower motor neurons) which control muscle movement. With this disease, for unknown reasons, these neurons die, meaning a progressive loss of the ability to move nearly any of the muscles in the body. Lou Gehrig’s disease affects voluntary muscles, controlled by conscious thought, such as the arm, leg, and trunk muscles. ALS DOES NOT affect the heart muscle, or the â€Å"smooth† muscle of the digestive system, bladder, and other internal organs. Most keep eye movement as well. â€Å"Amyotrophic†- means the loss of muscle bulk. â€Å"Lateral† indicates the spinal cord being affected. â€Å"Sclerosis† describes hardened tissue that develops in the place of healthy nerves. 50,000 approximately people in the US, 5,000 new cases each year. Onset between ages 40-70, usually. Men have a slightly higher chance of developing ALS. Normally, neurons in the spinal cord and brain convey messages from the brain to muscles to give movement to the arms, legs, trunk, neck, and head. When the motor neurons die, the muscles can’t move, with weakness in result. Loss of bulk is also a symptom. Loss of Lower motor neurons can make twitching. Two forms are known- Familial and sporadic. Familial accounts for about 10% of all Lou Gehrig’s cases. Sporadic LGD has no known cause. The earliest sign of LGD is weakness in arms or legs, and the throat and mouth muscles.-Speech slurred, hard to chew and swallow. Other early signs are twitching and muscle loss. Later symptoms lead to the loss of the ability to walk, use arms and hands, to speak clearly or at all, to swallow, and to hold the head up. Eventually coughing and breathing become difficult.

How Distance Affects Relationships

I think distance can effect relationships in several ways, depending on the situation, the kind of relationship, also how or if the relationship is maintained. Fortunently I haven't had to part from close relationships often, but I can share two examples in which distance had an opposite effect. I grew up in a small town, there was only one school that went from kindergarten thru eighth-grade. So with the exception of the occational â€Å"new student† the people in my class had known me since I was 5 years old. Not only did I see them in class, I saw them after school as well.Because of course Carbonado is essentially one neighborhood, we all shared the same stomping-grounds. I had known my best-friend Kimberly it seemed all my life. We shared everything, sat beside each other in class, were partners in every school project, and were together after school every day until our parents called us home for dinner. Together all the time since Kindergarten. I don't know how it so sev erely changed seemingly over-night. After eighth-grade Carbonado students had to then ride a bus for twenty minutes to get to High-School in Buckley.Up to this point it was the biggest change Kim and I were ever faced with, but one thing was the same we were together. For the first time we had classes without each other. No big deal, we just met after and it seemed like nothing was going to change us in the begining. Suddenly being around new people was exciting and soon meeting at passing was just that, passing. But, we still had the bus rides and we sat next to each other sharing every detail of our day like best-friends do. Then came the boys, and their cars, so the bus rides faded away as well.Believe it or not this was only six months into our freshman year! Six months, after all those years. I didn't make it through that first year before deciding Alternative-School was a better fit for me. It was 5 miles from Kim's school, but it might as well have been half-way across the wo rld. Years passed, we got cars, other friends, and jobs but we still lived within a square-mile as we had growing up. The actual distance was an illusion, we had grown apart. I still love Kim with all my heart, but when we have our yearly chat on the phone or I run into her at the gas station or the post ffice our conversation feels more like â€Å"proper proceedure†. I know that we still do have a relationship of sorts, it's just not the intimate bond we once shared. Distance I'm sure harms more relationships than it helps, but I think in some situations it effects can build a stonger bond. This is especially true in the relationship between my dad. My father is the first man I ever loved and I am his first born child. I was born in 1984 with several holes in my heart. I had multiple proceedures including open-heart surgery before my first birthday.My parents were 19 and 21 years old and the surgeries I had undergone had only been sucessfull a few years prior. It was an emot ional roller-coaster for them to endure. I believe coming close to loosing me contributed to the close relationship we shared as I was growing up. I can still remember what his truck sounded like coming up our street when he came home from work, and the smell of the de-grease soap he used to was his hands for dinner. I remember thinking of him during my school day, trying so hard on all my work because he always told me I could do anything.I couldn't wait to show him art-work, science projects, and report cards. I was always rewarded with kind words and a proud smile as I followed him into his garage where he fondly displayed my achievements. Along the way whenever I had any trouble, he could explain things in a way that made perfect sense. He understood me. Not only did I feel loved by his actions, I knew I was loved by his words. As time went by it became obvious my brothers and dad shared more common interests so, sometimes I was left behind.Somehow my he always found a way to sp end special time with me too, even if that meant taking me to the mall or going to a movie he would rather not see. My teen-years hit our relationship like an earthquake, a shaking of the ground caused by the shifting of my priorities. Suddenly my friends were the most important thing in my world. I became decietful, disrespectful, and I felt my dad just didn't understand me anymore. This constant clash lingered throughout the final years of my adolescence, until I was finally free. My liberation came in the form of a one-bedroom apartment in the â€Å"big ity† of Kent. My boyfriend and I living off of minimum wage, having a diet consisting of Top-Ramen and canned soup was only fun for so long. A couple of years later I was missing the home-cooked meals and the home-town feeling I'd known all my life. Above all I missed my family. I got laid-off from my job and I didn't know what to do. The next morning there was a knock at my door, I was barely awake. I rolled out of bed and staggered thru my dark apartment to get the door. It was my mom, â€Å"get dressed your dad got you a job, a good one† she said.When she told me it was at a machine shop my stomach dropped â€Å"I can't work there! † i said. Then my mom said I should at least check it out, it was for more money and it was worth a try. I entered into the welcome office and it calmed my nerves some. I shook the managers hand and he offered me what sounded like an office job, I accepted. Then he took me to my work area, through these heavy doors, I was on the shop floor, sparks flying, machines running and grease everywhere. I thought about telling him no but something stopped me.I saw my dad in his work area and when he saw me he had the happiest look on his face. As we approched him I saw family photos and a card I had made him 15 years prior in the top of his toolbox. I could not let him down. We had lunch and he gave me the same encouraging words he gave me growing up. It gave me the strength I needed. We had lunch together for the next 2 years and got to know each other in a differant way. I truly believe the distance from my family allowed me to grow, and had a very positive effect on my relationship with my father. Our bond is unbreakable and I know now nothing can change that.